Homelessness Amongst Children - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2887 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homelessness Essay Did you like this example? Homelessness amongst children in America is a pervasive problem. Indeed, and with child homelessness generally representing a corollary of parental poverty, structural in nature and driven by an insufficient social safety net, this points to a context in which the majority of childhood poverty results from predictors such as race, ethnicity and/or parental histories of mental illness and substance abuse. With almost half of homeless children being under the age of six years old, the vulnerability which these children experience on the street is incredibly salient. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Homelessness Amongst Children" essay for you Create order While a distinct category of runaway youth aged thirteen to sixteen faces some of the same challenges as these homeless children, the latter are likely the most vulnerable because of their young age, and because of their parents various afflictions. Examining the manner by which childhood homelessness affects development throughout the lifespan, homeless children are predisposed to developing mental illness, substance abuse difficulties, and to experiencing lifelong poverty of the same varieties experienced by their parents. Moreover, and because life on the street forces children to adopt age-inappropriate social norms and psychological coping mechanisms, children who were once homeless also have immense difficulties integrating into the school system, and the labor market. This thus predisposes children who experienced significant periods of homelessness to themselves be more likely to experience homelessness later in life, and often once they have children of their own. Ultimately, and in working to mitigate childhood homelessness, the same best practices which work for homeless adults appear to be germane to homeless children. The Housing First paradigm, which advocates providing the homeless with a home even if substance abuse or other problems are present, must be put into place so as to provide essential services to these children and their families simultaneously. This is critical because this approach to mitigating homelessness is one which allows children to return to normalcy as soon as possible by reintegrating the school system and their peer group in a manner which detracts from the otherwise significant long term effects of childhood homelessness. Child Homelessness in America: An Overview Beginning with an overview of child homelessness in America itself, it is estimated that approximately one in thirty children will experience some degree of homelessness in a given year. While statistics pertaining to full-time homelessness are not available because of the inherent difficulty associated with tracking transient homeless populations, these data nevertheless reflect the fact that housing security for children in the United States is very problematic. With these data thus suggesting that between two and three million American children will experience homelessness in a given year, and with most such children experiencing it more than once, homelessness amongst children is a serious yet neglected social problem in contemporary America (Morton et al., 14-17) Demographically speaking, what is perhaps most troubling about child homelessness is that over 50% of homeless children are under the age of six. Disproportionately members of visible minority groups, homeless children are typically left on the street, almost always living with parents when under the age of thirteen, subsequent to a parents job loss and/or eviction. This said, many such children also have parents who suffer from significant mental health issues and/or substance abuse troubles. In this respect then, child homelessness must absolutely be viewed as a direct consequence of adult poverty (Morton et al., 19-20). In examining and analyzing the specific forms of poverty which bring about child homelessness, these appear to be structural in nature. Indeed, and because child homelessness is so disproportionately present amongst communities of color, immigrant communities as well as in households featuring mental health or substance abuse problems, intersectionality is associated with this homelessness. These children have simply not benefited from equality of opportunity inasmuch as they have usually been born into poverty, and neglected by social safety net programs such as Social Security and Section 8 housing (Roschelle, 999-1001). From this, it must be recognized that homelessness amongst American children is a mirror image of poverty in America more broadly. In other words then, the factors which make parents more likely to be poor are also more likely to lead children to be homeless. Writ-large then, child homelessness emerges as a phenomenon which is manageable if those who are at risk for losing their homes are identified by social services agencies (Roschelle, 1003-1005) . This said, and while the majority of homeless children live with family, a separate analytical category of homeless youth, typically conceived of as being aged thirteen to seventeen, has been found to live independent of any traditional family structures. These children, numbering somewhere between 500 thousand and 1 million at any given time, are made up of abandoned and runaway children. This group differs from the broader group of homeless children on the basis of familial structures, reasons for homelessness as well as individual rates of homelessness and substance abuse (Snyder et al. 90-92). Ultimately then, poverty is the principal determinant of homelessness amongst children. While a small portion of older runaways and abandoned youth find themselves living on the streets for different reasons, poverty is the common denominator across all homeless children and their parents (Bassuk et al., 86-88). From this baseline then, attacking homelessness requires attacking childhood poverty and the various corollaries which it generates in terms of predisposing certain youth and their families to conditions of homelessness. The Developmental Trajectories of Homeless Children In the context of this child and youth homelessness, it is necessary to recognize that children are likely to be forced to develop characteristics associated with independence from an earlier age that it average. Indeed, studies of homeless populations show high levels of pragmatism, independence and problem-solving orientations amongst these youth. This said, the dark side of this anomalous development is early exposure to drugs, alcohol, inappropriate sexual advances, violence, and other phenomena which are typically viewed as being negative by society, and parents (Whitbeck, 24-25). This thus leads to the conclusion that homeless children and youth must precociously develop structures of adaptation which allow them to navigate the vagaries of the street. Given that such adaptation requires that they take on adult roles from a young age, it is thus critical to take into account that being homeless fundamentally alters the psychological and social norms internalized by these youth. In such contexts, later integrating into normative structures such as those associated with the educational system or with labor market is problematic because of the alternative behavioral norms which are internalized from such a young age (Whitbeck, 27-28). Tangibly then, child homelessness is very problematic as it pertains to academic performance and the ability to work normally in a mainstream setting. Because of the alternative patterns of socialization which homeless children undergo, especially in contexts wherein normal parental supervision is absent or minimal, the types of problem-solving strategies developed by these children do not function optimally in school or in the labor market. Writ-large then, it is the alternative form of socialization which occurs in the context of homelessness which represents one of the principal structures generating the longer term effects of the phenomenon on the children who must live through it (Vissing, 34-38). From this, it is unsurprising that the complex trauma arising in children from homelessness engenders disproportionately high rates of mental illness and substance abuse amongst children who experience homelessness. With the dislocating nature of childhood homelessness leading to incredibly significant issues with attachment all the while homeless children gain access to drugs and alcohol from a young age, the problematic relationship between childhood homelessness and these issues is one which ultimately pervades the lifecycle, and generates a context in which the homeless childs predisposition to these conditions ultimately represents a lifelong affliction (Herbers et al., 1167-1169) Because of these difficulties, children who experience periods of homelessness are disproportionately likely to experience homelessness later in the lifecycle or themselves experience homelessness alongside their own children. Indeed, the dysfunctional nature of parenting amongst most homeless families produces a context in which homeless children come to lack the support structures associated with their non-homeless peers. Combined with the integrative difficulties and trauma discussed above, this produces a situation in which homelessness is likely to recur in the life of the homeless child (Narayan et al., 3) In the tradition of a vicious cycle, childhood homelessness thus appears to be a potent inter-generational phenomenon in which the risk for homelessness of one generation is transmitted to another. In this respect, it once again mirrors the broader vicious cycle of inter-generational structural poverty inasmuch as the same factors which predispose an individual and their family to living in poverty also serve to engender a heightened likelihood of homelessness. From this, and because structural causes require structural solutions, redressing child homelessness in America requires modifying the structures of resources available to homeless children and their families (Cutuli et al., 43-35). Absent such changes, the lifecycle deteriorations which are experienced by homeless children are so significant that a period of childhood homelessness can deprive a child of equality of opportunity for their entire life. Combining poor school and job market integration with higher rates of susceptibility to drug addiction and mental health pathology development, childhood homelessness is inherently traumatic. Because it breaks the forms of stable attachment which are necessary for optimizing a childs development, homelessness thus represents something which causes harm throughout the entirety of an individuals life. Housing First as the Best Practice for Managing Childhood Homelessness With these chilling realities of childhood homelessness in mind, the Housing First paradigm represents the optimal intervention for dealing with homeless children and their families. Fundamentally, the Housing First approach differs from, other public policy approaches to homelessness in that it does not impose conditions on the homeless individual before providing them with shelter. While some programs require that a given homeless person is drug free or medicine-compliant for a certain period prior to receiving shelter, the Housing First approach eponymously provides program recipients with housing prior to the initiation of treatment or other necessary interventions (Guo et al., 73-75). Demonstrating its strong efficacy, the Housing First paradigm has shown efficacy rates of over 70% in terms of mitigating the recurrence of homelessness across multiple studies. This is of critical importance because these studies analyze the program as applied to even the most difficult cases wherein homeless individuals are addicted to a given substance or are dealing with a significant mental health issue. From this perspective then, the Housing First approach is, when appropriately implemented, aptly designed so as to meet the needs of homeless children and their families attempting to emerge from structural poverty (Guo et al., 78-79). Applied to homeless children and their parents, the principal virtue of the Housing First approach is that it allows children to be rapidly reintegrated into the normalcy of structures such as school and peer groups. Concomitantly allowing parents to deal with the root economic, substance-related or medical issues which occurred prior to them becoming homeless, this paradigm is thus one which has not only proven itself to be successful across all populations but which also offers solutions which dramatically diminish the direct burden of homelessness as it is experienced by children (Guo et al., 74-78) Moreover, the indirect effects of housing first are also significant. Once housing is provided, a childs parents can receive treatment for the mental health difficulties or substance abuse problems which may have landed them on the street in the very first place. This is extremely important inasmuch as it serves to enhance stability in the household, and generate a context in which the child is less likely to continue experiencing the trauma which they experienced in the street. From this, stabilization is not only necessary in the context of the childs daily life but also in relation to the childs rearing (Nelson et al., 592-594). Housing first also puts the child in a situation in which they can receive basic medical care as well as psychological or psychiatric assistance for dealing with the trauma which they may have experienced while living on the streets. This is another absolutely critical element of recovery inasmuch as it serves to mitigate the otherwise significant trauma which all homeless children eventually develop. With this trauma having the long-term potential to bring about significantly negative mental health outcomes and substance abuse difficulties, the access to this treatment which is associated with the provision of care in the housing first context is critical for minimizing the characteristics of the vicious cyclical model discussed above (Chatterjee et al., pp. 1377-1380). Writ-large then, the aggregate benefits of housing first are tied to the structure which it brings back to the lives of children who are affected by poverty and homelessness. Because living on the street withdraws the child from the socializing structures of school and the peer group all the while exposing them to chaotic forces such as those associated with drugs, alcohol, sexual behavior and other adult phenomena, housing firsts structure is critical for restoring the normalcy of a structure of childhood socialization. It thus serves to potently reverse the otherwise significant lifecycle and structurally-generated consequences of homelessness amongst children and their parents (Padgett et al., 12-15). Problematically, funding for homelessness mitigation, even when children are involved, is very much lacking in the context of the public sector social safety net. With the housing first paradigm being exceedingly costly because of the infrastructural investments necessitated by its focus on providing housing, this points to a situation in which governmental resources for aiding homeless children and their families are sorely lacking. Absent significant investment in these resources, the rapid and parsimonious benefits of the housing first model thus appear to be impossible to leverage to their full potential (Padgett et al., 25-30). Conclusion In the end, childhood homelessness is problematic in three ways. First, it wreaks immense pain and suffering on children who are forced to grow on the street. Second, it engenders lifelong consequences which can affect these childrens abilities to earn equality of opportunity, and thus have a chance to themselves live lives of prosperity. Third and finally, child homelessness appears to be ignored by policy-makers. With so many of these families simply falling through even the most basic of the elements of the social safety net, the avoidable nature of childhood homelessness is perhaps one of its most tragic components. In this context, and considering the success which the housing first paradigm has demonstrated when applied optimally, the lack of funding available for helping homeless families, and preventing homelessness in cases where children are involved is deeply troubling from a social point of view. Indeed, and because the long term consequences of childhood homelessness are so very salient in nature, the financial and human costs of failing to avert childhood homelessness are perhaps greater than the costs of preventing it in the very first place. Because of this, it very much appears that the resources currently available for preventing and managing childhood homelessness are direly insufficient for achieving their objectives. Ultimately then, and with American society predicated on the notion of equality of opportunity for all, the consequences of childhood homelessness are far too severe to be ignored. As such, more significant resources must be devoted to providing assistance to homeless children and their families so that homeless children can gain some semblance of access to normal life. With early reintegration into the school system and peer group so crucial for mitigating the significant lifecycle effects of childhood homelessness, additional governmental investment in the housing first approach appears to be critical to putting an end to this crisis. Works Cited Bassuk, Ellen L, Molly K Richard, and Alexander Tsertsvadze. The Prevalence of Mental Illness in Homeless Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 54.2 (2015): 86-96. e2. Print. Chatterjee, Avik, et al. Quality Health Care for Homeless Children: Achieving the Aap Recommendations for Care of Homeless Children and Youth. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved 28.4 (2017): 1376-92. Print. Cutuli, JJ, et al. Adversity and Children Experiencing Family Homelessness: Implications for Health. Journal of Children and Poverty 23.1 (2017): 41-55. Print. Herbers, Janette E, et al. Trauma, Adversity, and ParentChild Relationships among Young Children Experiencing Homelessness. Journal of abnormal child psychology 42.7 (2014): 1167-74. Print. Morton, Matthew H, et al. Prevalence and Correlates of Youth Homelessness in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health 62.1 (2018): 14-21. Print. Narayan, Angela J, et al. Intergenerational Continuity of Adverse Childhood Experiences in Homeless Families: Unpacking Exposure to Maltreatment Versus Family Dysfunction. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 87.1 (2017): 3. Print. Nelson, Geoffrey, et al. Life Changes among Homeless Persons with Mental Illness: A Longitudinal Study of Housing First and Usual Treatment. Psychiatric Services 66.6 (2015): 592-97. Print. Padgett, Deborah, Benjamin F Henwood, and Sam J Tsemberis. Housing First: Ending Homelessness, Transforming Systems, and Changing Lives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, USA, 2016. Print. Roschelle, Anne R. Our Lives Matter: The Racialized Violence of Poverty among Homeless Mothers of Color. Sociological Forum 32.3 (2017): 998-1017. Print. Snyder, Susan M, et al. Homeless Youth, Strain, and Justice System Involvement: An Application of General Strain Theory. Children and youth services review 62 (2016): 90-96. Print. Vissing, Yvonne. Out of Sight, out of Mind: Homeless Children and Families in Small-Town America. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Print. Whitbeck, L.B. Nowhere to Grow: Homeless and Runaway Adolescents and Their Families. New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. Print.

The Movie Out There and Advertising of Canadian Beer

In today’s market of technology and visual stimulation it becomes more and more important for advertising campaigns to stand out and be innovative, and it is this idea that drove one Canadian beer company to do something that had never been done before. In light of waning interest, Kokanee, owned by the Labatt Brewing Company, enlisted the help of Toronto based Grip advertising agency to (with its entire yearly marketing budget) create something really big for there next campaign. Grip’s innovative response to this challenge was to do something completely new and create an ad in the form of a full-length feature film, which they would call: â€Å"The Movie Out Here† The Movie Out There is a ninety-minute Canadian indie film created as an entertaining alternative to traditional advertising. The film follows three friends on their quest to save a business in the small skiing town of Fernie, British Columbia by hosting a huge party. Along their journey they encounter characters and sub plots that stem from Kokanee’s long running advertising narrative of the Kokanee Ranger. This narrative chronicles the attempts of the Ranger and the Kokanee Girls to safe guard the Kokanee beer from the Sasquatch who continuously tries to steal it. These brand mascots are ever present in the film, although slightly revamped. The Ranger becomes a duo of rangers consisting of two young men: â€Å"Glacier† and â€Å"Fresh† who became the new mascots for Kokanee after the original ranger was killed off. TheirShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Promotion and the Marketing Industry7707 Words   |  31 PagesMARKETING INDUSTRY: TRENDS, TACTICS, AND PUBLIC HEALTH Julie A. 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Only Daughter free essay sample

â€Å"Cultural and Identity†amp; â€Å"Gender Studies† the author explains her family traditions and at the same time tries to find were she belongs in the picture. What is it about: This story talks about a Mexican family of nine and out of the nine there are seven kids, six boys and one girl! Only daughter is a biography of the author and her role in an American Mexican family. She starts off by stating how her writing career first takes off. Being the only girl she was forced to spend a lot of time alone which allowed her to discover a passion for reading and writing. Her relationship with her father is included throughout the story. Having a daughter in her father’s eyes meant that destiny would lead her to a husband. When she shared her plans for college he felt as that was a good place to start looking for a husband. We will write a custom essay sample on Only Daughter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In his eyes he viewed women as any man would, which was that they were beneath men. The typical role a woman would play in a Mexican family would be the wife and a mother and do the chores around the house but the author wanted more than that. Her father never showed interest in her writing growing up and she often felt abandoned. All she ever wanted from him was his approval and most of her writing has been for him. When talking about his family he would always say he has seven sons putting her in the wrong category which almost made her identity invisible. Towards the end the author talks about how her success began to pick up and how she had one of her book translated in Spanish and given to her father to read. She explains how seeing her father read on of her stories for the first time was one of the happiest moments in her life. At that moment she felt accepted for the first time. Author’s Purpose: To give a brief inside look of her family and role as the only daughter to a Mexican family of nine. What you learned : while reading this I’ve

Mass cultural phenomenon

Introduction The five elements chosen for analysis are five Lady Gaga videos; these are videos of her most popular songs and they include: ‘Telephone’, ‘Bad Romance’, ‘Paparazzi’, ‘Poker face’ and ‘Just dance’. This pop icon was selected because she is the ideal representation of what Americans look for in pop culture as seen through her videos.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mass cultural phenomenon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis The first is the Telephone video. Some critics have claimed that this video took pop music to another level. In the video, Lady Gaga shows up in prison attire where she has to enter her cell. A strip search is done and Lady Gaga remains with nothing but pasties. After the prison scene, Lady Gaga along with her co-singer Beyonce Knowles are spotted at a restaurant. While in the restaurant, famous celebrity Tyres e Gibbons is killed. As this happens, Lady Gaga and her co –singer get onto motorcycles with American flag like attires and appear to ride into the sunset (You Tube). The video goes on and on but these earlier portions are enough to give a reflection of pop culture and hence mass American culture. First, the ease with which violent scenes are enacted illustrates how American music consumers have become comfortable with such scenes. Also, half nude depictions of the singer indicate an over sexualization of females in pop culture. This video also depicts female strength since Lady gaga and Beyonce appear to ‘handle their own’ when they easily escape from the restaurant after the motorcycle scene (Donnelly, 15). The second video is Just dance. This video starts when Lady Gaga gets into a dull party. People can be seen sleeping and are visibly bored by the lack of music (MTV). However, Lady Gaga’s acquaintance switches on the stereo and this soon injects life into the party. All the people at the location start to dance. Most of the scenes in the video involve different dance moves and Lady Gaga herself. This video still propagates the theme of sexualization of women owing to her dressing. However, it also shows that Americans tend to appreciate self expression. The video is about being oneself and simply letting go without caring much about what others think. In the Paparazzi video, Lady Gaga is first seen with her boyfriend getting intimate; however, some paparazzi appear and try to get shots of them. She soon realizes that this was a trick by her boyfriend and confronts him violently about it (MTV). Eventually, she is thrown over by her boyfriend and then lies in a pool of blood (Saxberg, 6).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The paparazzi capitalize on these moments by taking snapshots of her. In another scene, Gaga walks from her v ehicle into an aisle with crutches on and the help of some dancers. She is wearing silver attire that looks metallic like. After this scene one can see pictures of dead models. The latter video shows the inclination of most pop music listeners towards the bizarre. When Gaga lies around in her own blood, this is a bit wacky and can really disturb those who may be watching. Also the scenes of the dead models are also stomach churning to say the least (Lamb, 13). The video illustrates how freakish scenes seem to attract more attention or how American culture is inclined towards dark scenarios. Even the kind of dressing that she chooses i.e. metallic is testimony to this inclination towards rebellion in music. Poker face is set in a mansion where Lady Gaga wears a mask made out of mirrors. She then appears in another scene where people are playing strip poker (MTV). The females appear to be loosing and as each of them looses, they are required to keep removing elements of their clothing . Eventually, these women start to kiss one another. The video then shows other scenes of her doing crazy things but these all relate to the theme in the song which is gambling and sex. The poker face video addressed a rather controversial issue i.e. bisexuality. Women can be seen kissing each other even when they are humoring flirts from their male counterparts. The video appears to endorse freedom of sexuality. The unconventional choice of theme is what has led to a lot of buzz around this video (Cinquemani, 7). Lady Gaga’s success illustrates that members of the pop culture appear to endorse freedom of choice as seen through the gay scenes in the video. One can assert that American culture promotes free will and lets people decide what they want even in this video. In the Bad Romance video, lady Gaga is kidnapped by some Russians who then go on to sell her. She has on glasses that have a razor shape and a golden dress. The songs starts and she can be seen in white and knee length boots where she frequently sings while facing the mirror (Lapowsky, 45). At some point, Gaga emerges with a crown and diamond studded outfit. She is auctioned to some men and one of them takes her. In the next scene, she is scene with the same individual on a bed. A fire starts and burns this man while she continues with her music. At the end of it, she is seated next to a skeleton with a cigarette in hand and the bra she has on appears to give off some sort of sparks (Interscope records). The continual appearance of death in lady Gaga’s videos is testimony to the prevalence of violence in American mass culture. However since Lady Gaga is triumphant on this scene, then it shows that females can take care of themselves and do have the ability to tackle whatever comes their way.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mass cultural phenomenon specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The Lady Gaga’ s continual success in pop charts all over the country shows that she has been received by the public. Consequently, her messages are acceptable and even a reflection of what her supporters are looking for. Works Cited Lapowsky, Issie. Lady Gaga’s on fire in her new Bad Romance video. New York Times, 2009. Interscope records. Lady Gaga’s bad romance video. Interscope. 2009.   Web. Lamb, Bill. Lady Gaga: paparazzi. New York Times, 2009. MTV. Lady Gaga paparazzi music video. Official page. 2009.   Web. Cinquemani, Sal. Lady gaga: the fame review. Slant magazine,  2009. Saxberg, Lynn. We have seen the future and it looks a lot like Lady Gaga. Ottawa Citizen,  2010.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More MTV. Poker face video. 2008. Web. MTV. Lady Gaga Just dance music video. Official page. 2008.  Web. Donnelly, Matt. Lady gaga, Beyonce world premiere their telephone video. Los Angeles Times,  2010. Youtube. Lady gaga telephone video. 2010. Web. This essay on Mass cultural phenomenon was written and submitted by user Matilda Flores to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Make Marbled and Scented Paper

How to Make Marbled and Scented Paper Its super-easy to make elegant marbled paper, which you can use for a variety of projects including gift wrap. What you may not know is you can scent your paper while you marble it. Paper Marbling Materials papershaving creamfood coloring or paintssilverwareshallow pan, large enough for your papersqueegee or paper towels You can use any paper for this project and will get slightly different effects depending on your selection. I used ordinary printer paper. You can use any shaving cream, too. I would probably aim for the least expensive brand you can find, but what I actually used was scented shaving gel. If you use peppermint-scented shaving cream then you can make paper that smells like candy canes. If you use floral scented shaving cream then your marbled paper will carry a subtle floral fragrance. The other material used in this project is pigment or ink. The blue/red/green box in the photo is wrapped with marbled paper colored using food coloring. The pink/orange/blue box is wrapped with marbled paper that was colored with tempera poster paints. You can use any pigment you like, so be creative! Make Marbled Paper Spread a thin layer of shaving cream in the bottom of the pan. I used a spoon, but you can use a knife or spatula or your fingers. All you need is a shallow coating.Dot the surface of the shaving cream with food coloring or paint or pigment or whatever colorant you are using.Use your imagination to pattern the colors. I simply ran the tines of a fork through the colors in a wavy fashion. Dont get too enthusiastic swirling your colors or else they will run together.Lay your paper on top of the colored layer in the pan. I smoothed the paper out over the shaving cream.Remove the paper and either squeegee off the shaving cream (wiping between passes) or wipe the shaving cream off with a dry paper towel. If you do this carefully, none of your colors will run or be distorted.Allow your paper to dry. If it curls, you can iron it flat using low heat. I didnt have any problem with printer paper distorting. The marbled paper will be smooth and slightly glossy. Neither the food colorings nor tempera paints transferred off of the paper once it was dry. Some people like to spray marbled paper with a fixative. I probably would not treat the paper if your goal is to make a scented and colored paper, since fixing the paper might mask the fragrance.

History of the Atari Video System

History of the Atari Video System In 1971, Nolan Bushnell together with Ted Dabney created the first arcade game. It was called Computer Space, based on Steve Russells earlier game of Spacewar!. The arcade game Pong was created by Nolan Bushnell (with help from Al Alcorn) a year later in 1972. Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney started Atari (a term from the Japanese game Go) that same year. Atari Sold to Warner Communications In 1975, Atari re-released Pong as a home video game and 150,000 units were sold. In 1976, Nolan Bushnell sold Atari to Warner Communications for $28 million. The sale was no doubt aided by the success of Pong. By 1980, sales of Atari home video systems had reached $415 million. That same year, the first Atari personal computer was introduced. Nolan Bushnell was still employed as president of the company. Sold Again Despite the introduction of the new Atari computer, Warner had a reversal of fortune with Atari with losses totaling $533 million in 1983. In 1984, Warner Communications unloaded Atari to Jack Tramiel, ex-CEO of Commodore. Jack Tramiel released the somewhat successful Atari St home computer and sales topped $25 million in 1986. Nintendo Lawsuit In 1992, Atari lost an anti-trust lawsuit against Nintendo. That same year, Atari released the Jaguar video game system as competition to Nintendo. Jaguar was an impressive game system, however, it was twice as expensive as Nintendo. The Fall of Atari Atari was reaching the end of its legacy as a company. In 1994, Sega game systems invested $40 million in Atari in exchange for all patent rights. In 1996, the new Atari Interactive division failed to revive the company which was taken over by JTS, a maker of computer disk drives that same year. Two years later in 1998, JTS sold Atari assets as intellectual property scraps. All copyrights, trademarks, and patents were sold to Hasbro Interactive for $5 million.

Procurement route-Public Private Partnerships (PPP)- Private Finance Assignment

Procurement route-Public Private Partnerships (PPP)- Private Finance Initiative(PFI) - Assignment Example Starting in 1993, the WHO campaigned to private enterprises and other non-government organisations the advocacy to create meaningful partnerships that seek to create projects and programs dedicated to health and development of people. In fact, creating PPP is part of the core strategy of the organisation called the â€Å"Initiative on Public-Private Partnerships for Health,† which succeeded in forming 70 health partnerships around the world (Buse & Waxman, 2001, p.748). The emphasis placed on partnerships for the sake of health is mirrored in the implication that it draws. A healthy society means a healthy workforce and a robust economy. This report aims to explain the fundamental principles of PPP in the context of the proposed expansion of referral hospital along with the enhancement of hospital facilities and services in the midst of global economic downturn. It will evaluate its advantages and disadvantages as well as the Public Finance Initiative and Public Partnerships a s a procurement route. Relevant examples, statistics, and figures will also be presented in this report. 2. Principles of Public Private Partnerships (PPP), Merits and Demerits 2.1 PPP is a form of agreement; thus, it is bounded by equal, reciprocal, and shared rights and obligations. Buse and Walt (2000) expressed the blurring line between what it means to be a private entity and a government entity. Citing its many positive outcomes, PPP entails the formation of an agreement specifying the roles, responsibilities, and rights of each party involved. There is a mutual understanding, as well as expectations between the two parties prior to the agreement that was created. In the same manner, both recognise that they have a common goal, and that is, to improve the quality of health afforded to the people in the context of health care. Buse and Walt (2000) added that there are four crucial principles agreed between the two parties, which must be observed in a partnership. These are bene ficence, meaning public health must be achieved; nonmaleficence or the effort not to develop poor health instead; autonomy or the conscious effort not to step into the boundaries of the other party; and equity which seeks to equally distribute the benefits to people in a dire situation. 2.2 There are no fixed roles assigned to a partner over time. This principle is somewhat confusing considering the specific agreed terms between the two parties mentioned earlier. Buse and Walt (2000, p.551) claimed, nonetheless, that the idea of partnership is â€Å"non-specific,† meaning the definition of partnership depends from one partnership to the other. For instance, not-for-profit organisations have bigger community sectors as their dominant partners, but at present, this has shifted into a partnership between NGOs and corporate organisations in which the emphasis is more on the relationship between a recipient and a donor. Hence, the role/s assigned to a partner to the agreement may change overtime and may be measured unequally, especially in cases when the other partner is able to contribute more knowledge or financial resources compared to the other party. Figure 1: PPP Transformation from 1970s to Present Source: Buse and Walt (2000) Figure 1 above shows the shift in the definition of partnerships. The creation of PPP was built between donors and the recipient government. It was not identified whether the donors included governments, NGOs, or private sectors, which exists for

Management of Heart Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management of Heart Failure - Essay Example Hypertension may lead to heart failure. It increases the heart’s workload hence results in hypertrophy of cardiac muscle fibers. The filling of the heart is impaired during diastole. The hypertrophied ventricle fails to contract eventually and heart failure results. The nursing intervention implemented to prevent cardiac failure in this case is the administration of the antihypertensive medication to control blood pressure and maintain it within normal for the hypertensive patient. Another condition that may lead to cardiac failure is myocardial infarction. It refers to the cellular and the necrosis of the heart muscle tissue and it is irreversible that occurs as a result of prolonged ischemia. The contractility of the muscle is lost in the affected regions. If the affected regions are large complications arise and include cardiac failure. The appropriate nursing intervention to prevent progression to heart failure is by ensuring that the patient gets enough rest, administrati on of stool softeners to prevent straining, and giving of analgesics and the prescribed medication as ordered. The nurse should also insist that the patient should quit smoking. It refers to the inflammation that occurs in the cardiac muscle as a result of viral infection in most cases. The nursing interventions that need to be implemented to prevent heart failure include the administration of the prescribed medication as ordered aimed at treating the condition for example the steroids to combat the inflammatory process.

Black People and Roberta Essay Example for Free

Black People and Roberta Essay Determining the race of Twyla and Roberta from the clouded descriptions in Recitatif is a rather difficult task. The evidence in my opinion leads me to believe that Roberta is white and that Twyla is black. In this paper I will identify situations in this story that reinforce my opinion. I will also explain how minority group treatment influenced my perception of the events in this story. My early impression of Roberta was that of a spoiled country girl with little or no education that opinion was based on her inability to read and her waste of food at meal times. Finishing all your food is a strong force in many black families this waste can be construed as a connection to Roberta being white. The first verbal indication is Robertas mothers refusal to greet Twylas mother Mary. This is a strong image of prejudice in my opinion. Robertas mother said nothing. She just grabbed Roberta and stepped out of line. Robertas mothers disinterest in meeting a woman of the opposite race makes a convincing argument that she is white and in her mind better than associating with blacks. In the next scene the families were eating Lunch. Twyla made the observation that The wrong food is always with the wrong people. And the connection that Maybe thats why I got into waitress work later-to match up the right people with the right food. There is a common stereotype that black people love chicken. So the white Roberta having the black chicken could be considered a Mitch match and since Roberta is white she should not have the chicken. The next piece of evidence comes much later when the two old friends are reunited in a supermarket. They have exchanged pleasantries and discussed how well there lives are going. It is obvious to the reader that Roberta is well off financially. Roberta makes the comment I was dying to know what happened to her, how she got from Jimi Hendrix to Annandale, a neighborhood full of doctors and IBM executives. Easy, I thought. Everything is so easy for them. They think they own the world. This statement shows that Twyla is aware of how easy it is for white people to raise their economic class. It can be implied that Roberta made the large advance because she was of the proper white race to make such advancement. The final piece of evidence is When Twyla confronts Roberta on her poor behavior at their encounter in Howard Johnsons Roberta says Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days: black-white. You know how everything was. Roberta here identifies the strong pressure she felt from her peers to not associate with the lower black race. My first indication of Twylas race was the way her mother Mary introduced herself. She used the phrase Twyyyyyla, baby! the term baby is commonly associated with older black females. Marys reaction to Robertas mothers refusal to shake hands coupled with the loud outbursts on the way to the chapel are also part of what society has deemed as black female behavior. Mary is described wearing those ugly green slacks that made her behind stick out There is a stereotype that black women have large behinds. These examples leads me believe Robertas mother is black and so the daughter must be of the same race. Throughout the story Roberta is always depicted in a lower class than Roberta always overshadowed by Roberta. Roberta marries into a higher social standing and has an implied superiority throughout the story. The statement Everything is so easy for them. They think they own the world. Is a common opinion about the social standing of whites in the United States. There are a lot of conflicting data to for both sides of this argument. In my opinion though there is much more evidence that leads the reader to believe that Roberta is white and Twyla is black.

Hedonism Essay -- Papers

Webster's dictionary defines hedonism as "the ethical doctrine that pleasure, variously conceived of in terms of happiness of the individual or of society, is the principal good and the proper aim of action" or "the theory that a person always acts is such a way as to seek pleasure and avoid pain." With this definition in mind, and with further examination of John Stuart Mill's theory on hedonism, I am going to argue that hedonism is not an exclusive or distinct way of thinking. In fact, I think that with the exception of possibly a few people, most people are very hedonistically inclined. "Hedonistic utilitarians identify happiness with feeing pleasure and avoiding pain, meaning that the more an individual enjoys pleasure and avoids pain, the happier that individual is" (phil.tamu.edu). Now, is this really a new and profound thought? If you avoid pain, you will lead a happier life? With a few exceptions, I don't know many people who see pain as enjoyment. Most people I know have made it a point to enjoy themselves in so me fasion or another, and that doesn't include the enjoyment of pain. "Mill's overall subject is the right of the indivieual to think and act for himeself of herself. For Mill this does not mean the right to think and act as you please (Castell 360). Eventhough Mill encouraged independent thought and actions, he did not justify running around and doing whatever you liked. According to the Hedonic Society, what they call Enlightened Hedonism ("a naturalistic and humanistic lifestance advocation the ration cultivation of pleasure and happiness for all") can be state... ...ve a relatively balanced life, you would include both physical and intellectual aspects of your life. Whether or not you would be labeled a "Hedonist" would remain to be seen. If you incorporate the greater needs of others into your individual immediate needs, then technically, yes, that would be Hedonism. But, I would venture to say that you would be labeled "a nice person."  Works Cited Castell, Alburey, et al., Introduction to Moern Philosophy: Examining the Human Condition. (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001). "Hedonism." Stanford University (online) www.stanford.edu/~quixote/philosophies.htm#hedonism* . (12/03/2001). "John Stuart Mill." unknown (online) *www-/ phil.tamu.edu/~gary/intro/lecture.mill_1.html. (12/03/2001). "What is Enlightened Hedonism?" Hedonic Society (online) *www.hedonicsociety.org/custom/html*. (12/03/2001)

Idi Amin

Born in 1925, Idi Amin was unquestionably one of the most significant leaders since 1971 to 1980. He had achieved a great deal and had had an extremely negative impact on his people, his country and the international community. During his reign, Idi Amin had managed to gain total control of Uganda and murder a ridiculous amount of people who opposed or challenged his view. Further, he used lies and deceit to get into power and then abuse the trust of his people. Finally, his actions in supporting Britain caused a famine in his country.Essentially, Idi Amin was a significant leader; however it was for all the wrong reasons. Throughout Idi Amin’s time as leader, he was able to commit a number of heinous acts towards his society and against the rights of humanity. One particular event of which was most significant during his time as leader was a mass murder of over 250,000 people in his country, which he holds responsible for. The mass murder primarily involved anyone in Uganda t hat opposed against his views and the expulsion of Asians. In 1975 the body of one of his four wives was delivered to Mulago hospital.It had been chopped into pieces by Idi Amin himself for reasons being that she had been impregnated by another man. This proves that Idi Amin will not stand by any person in his life that resists against his wishes and establishes the brutality from within his character. Amin was able to manipulate a large majority of his people to secure his place for leader of Uganda, only then to abuse the trust of his people once elected. These actions soon lead on to further corrupt movements that had a negative impact on the people of Uganda.When Idi Amin presented himself as the opposition leader for Uganda, he announced to the people that if he were selected as president he would turn their country into a democracy. This false statement had given him much popularity from his people, which then resulted in him becoming leader. Once in power Amin abused this tru st by cancelling elections and turning the country into a dictatorship. These events highlight that he was a negative ruler, but signify his importance. A further demonstration of his negative rule, Amin, through his relationship with Britain brought about a famine. Before Idi Amin became leader, Uganda as a part of the British colony. Idi Amin had never gotten a proper education, though was able to gain a name in society due to joining the British army and getting promoted to colonel after a short period of time. He had gained a very good reputation in the army and was seen to have excellent leadership qualities; for example, When Britain was going through a recession that later on lead to an extreme food shortage for their people, Idi Amin had collected a very large quantity of Uganda’s farm crops to support Britain during their hardship despite the fact that starvation was still a major concern for his people at the time.Idi Amin believed that putting aside the health of h is country In order to develop a good relationship with the leaders of Great Britain was much more vital at the time. The great challenges Amin had face during his lifetime such as the time he spent in the army and the difficulties he faced as leader of Uganda, eventually lead to his destructive behaviour towards his people, his country and the international community. Amin's rule was characterised by gross human rights abuse, political repression, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement, each of which all had an extremely negative influence towards his society during his reign.

Vampire Academy Chapter 2

TWO MY HATRED NOTWITHSTANDING, I HAD to admit Dimitri Beli-whatever was pretty smart. After they'd carted us off to the airport to and onto the Academy's private jet, he'd taken one look at the two of us whispering and ordered us separated. â€Å"Don't let them talk to each other,† he warned the guardian who escorted me to the back of the plane. â€Å"Five minutes together, and they'll come up with an escape plan.† I shot him a haughty look and stormed off down the aisle. Never mind the fact we had been planning escape. As it was, things didn't look good for our heroes – or heroines, rather. Once we were in the air, our odds of escape dropped further. Even supposing a miracle occurred and I did manage to take out all ten guardians, we'd sort of have a problem in getting off the plane. I figured they might have parachutes aboard somewhere, but in the unlikely event I'd be able to operate one, there was still that little issue of survival, seeing as we'd probably land somewhere in the Rocky Mountains. No, we weren't getting off this plane until it landed in backwoods Montana. I'd have to think of something then, something that involved getting past the Academy's magical wards and ten times as many guardians. Yeah. No problem. Although Lissa sat at the front with the Russian guy, her fear sang back to me, pounding inside my head like a hammer. My concern for her cut into my fury. They couldn't take her back there, not to that place. I wondered if Dimitri might have hesitated if he could feel what I did and if he knew what I knew. Probably not. He didn't care. As it was, her emotions grew so strong that for a moment, I had the disorienting sensation of sitting in her seat – in her skin even. It happened sometimes, and without much warning, she'd pull me right into her head. Dimitri's tall frame sat beside me, and my hand – her hand – gripped a bottle of water. He leaned forward to pick up something, revealing six tiny symbols tattooed on the back of his neck: molnija marks. They looked like two streaks of jagged lightning crossing in an X symbol. One for each Strigoi he'd killed. Above them was a twisting line, sort of like a snake, that marked him as a guardian. The promise mark. Blinking, I fought against her and shifted back into my own head with a grimace. I hated when that happened. Feeling Lissa's emotions was one thing, but slipping into her was something we both despised. She saw it as an invasion of privacy, so I usually didn't tell her when it happened. Neither of us could control it. It was another effect of the bond, a bond neither of us fully understood. Legends existed about psychic links between guardians and their Moroi, but the stories had never mentioned anything like this. We fumbled through it as best we could. Near the end of the flight, Dimitri walked back to where I sat and traded places with the guardian beside me. I pointedly turned away, staring out the window absentmindedly Several moments of silence passed. Finally, he said, â€Å"Were you really going to attack all of us?† I didn't answer. â€Å"Doing that? ­protecting her like that – it was very brave.† He paused. â€Å"Stupid, but still brave. Why did you even try it?† I glanced over at him, brushing my hair out of my face so I could look him levelly in the eye. â€Å"Because I'm her guardian.† I turned back toward the window. After another quiet moment, he stood up and returned to the front of the jet. When we landed, Lissa and I had no choice but to let the commandos drive us out to the Academy. Our car stopped at the gate, and our driver spoke with guards who verified we weren't Strigoi about to go off on a killing spree. After a minute, they let us pass on through the wards and up to the Academy itself. It was around sunset – the start of the vampiric day – and the campus lay wrapped in shadows. It probably looked the same, sprawling and gothic. The Moroi were big on tradition; nothing ever changed with them. This school wasn't as old as the ones back in Europe, but it had been built in the same style. The buildings boasted elaborate, almost churchlike architecture, with high peaks and stone carvings. Wrought iron gates enclosed small gardens and doorways here and there. After living on a college campus, I had a new appreciation for just how much this place resembled a university more than a typical high school. We were on the secondary campus, which was divided into lower and upper schools. Each was built around a large open quadrangle decorated with stone paths and enormous, century-old trees. We were going toward the upper school's quad, which had academic buildings on one side, while dhampir dormitories and the gym sat opposite. Moroi dorms sat on one of the other ends, and opposite them were the administrative buildings that also served the lower school. Younger students lived on the primary campus, farther to the west. Around all the campuses was space, space, and more space. We were in Montana, after all, miles away from any real city. The air felt cool in my lungs and smelled of pine and wet, decaying leaves. Overgrown forests ringed the perimeters of the Academy, and during the day, you could see mountains rising up in the distance. As we walked into the main part of the upper school, I broke from my guardian and ran up to Dimitri. â€Å"Hey, Comrade.† He kept walking and wouldn't look at me. â€Å"You want to talk now? â€Å"Are you taking us to Kirova?† â€Å"Headmistress Kirova,† he corrected. On the other side of him, Lissa shot me a look that said, Don't start something. â€Å"Headmistress. Whatever. She's still a self-righteous old bit – â€Å" My words faded as the guardians led us through a set of doors-straight into the commons. I sighed. Were these people really so cruel? There had to be at least a dozen ways to get to Kirova's office, and they were taking us right through the center of the commons. And it was breakfast time. Novice guardians – dhampirs like me – and Moroi sat together, eating and socializing, faces alight with whatever current gossip held the Academy's attention. When we entered, the loud buzz of conversation stopped instantly, like someone had flipped a switch. Hundreds of sets of eyes swiveled toward us. I returned the stares of my former classmates with a lazy grin, trying to get a sense as to whether things had changed. Nope. Didn't seem like it. Camille Conta still looked like the prim, perfectly groomed bitch I remembered, still the self-appointed leader of the Academy's royal Moroi cliques. Off to the side, Lissa's gawky near-cousin Natalie watched with wide eyes, as innocent and na?ve as before. And on the other side of the room? ­well, that was interesting. Aaron. Poor, poor Aaron, who'd no doubt had his heart broken when Lissa left. He still looked as cute as ever – maybe more so now – with those same golden looks that complemented hers so well. His eyes followed her every move. Yes. Definitely not over her. It was sad, really, because Lissa had never really been all that into him. I think she'd gone out with him simply because it seemed like the expected thing to do. But what I found most interesting was that Aaron had apparently found a way to pass the time without her. Beside him, holding his hand, was a Moroi girl who looked about eleven but had to be older, unless he'd become a pedophile during our absence. With plump little cheeks and blond ringlets, she looked like a porcelain doll. A very pissed off and evil porcelain doll. She gripped his hand tightly and shot Lissa a look of such burning hatred that it stunned me. What the hell was that all about? She was no one I knew. Just a jealous girlfriend, I guessed. I'd be pissed too if my guy was watching someone else like that. Our walk of shame mercifully ended, though our new setting – Headmistress Kirova's office – didn't really improve things. The old hag looked exactly like I remembered, sharp-nosed and gray-haired. She was tall and slim, like most Moroi, and had always reminded me of a vulture. I knew her well because I'd spent a lot of time in her office. Most of our escorts left us once Lissa and I were seated, and I felt a little less like a prisoner. Only Alberta, the captain of the school's guardians, and Dimitri stayed. They took up positions along the wall, looking stoic and terrifying, just as their job description required. Kirova fixed her angry eyes on us and opened her mouth to begin what would no doubt be a major bitch session. A deep, gentle voice stopped her. â€Å"Vasilisa.† Startled, I realized there was someone else in the room. I hadn't noticed. Careless for a guardian, even a novice one. With a great deal of effort, Victor Dashkov rose from a corner chair. Prince Victor Dashkov. Lissa sprang up and ran to him, throwing her arms around his frail body. â€Å"Uncle,† she whispered. She sounded on the verge of tears as she tightened her grip. With a small smile, he gently patted her back. â€Å"You have no idea how glad I am to see you safe, Vasilisa.† He looked toward me. â€Å"And you too, Rose.† I nodded back, trying to hide how shocked I was. He'd been sick when we left, but this – this was horrible. He was Natalie's father, only about forty or so, but he looked twice that age. Pale. Withered. Hands shaking. My heart broke watching him. With all the horrible people in the world, it didn't seem fair that this guy should get a disease that was going to kill him young and ultimately keep him from becoming king. Although not technically her uncle – the Moroi used family terms very loosely, especially the royals – Victor was a close friend of Lissa's family and had gone out of his way to help her after her parents had died. I liked him; he was the first person I was happy to see here. Kirova let them have a few more moments and then stiffly drew Lissa back to her seat. Time for the lecture. It was a good one – one of Kirova's best, which was saying something. She was a master at them. I swear that was the only reason she'd gone into school administration, because I had yet to see any evidence of her actually liking kids. The rant covered the usual topics: responsibility reckless behavior, self-centeredness? ­Bleh. I immediately found myself spacing out, alternatively pondering the logistics of escaping through the window in her office. But when the tirade shifted to me – well, that was when I tuned back in. â€Å"You, Miss Hathaway, broke the most sacred promise among our kind: the promise of a guardian to protect a Moroi. It is a great trust. A trust that you violated by selfishly taking the princess away from here. The Strigoi would love to finish off the Dragomirs; you nearly enabled them to do it.† â€Å"Rose didn't kidnap me.† Lissa spoke before I could, her voice and face calm, despite her uneasy feelings. â€Å"I wanted to go. Don't blame her.† Ms. Kirova tsked at us both and paced the office, hands folded behind her narrow back. â€Å"Miss Dragomir, you could have been the one who orchestrated the entire plan for all I know, but it was still her responsibility to make sure you didn't carry it out. If she'd done her duty, she would have notified someone. If she'd done her duty, she would have kept you safe.† I snapped. â€Å"I did do my duty!† I shouted, jumping up from my chair. Dimitri and Alberta both flinched but left me alone since I wasn't trying to hit anyone. Yet. â€Å"I did keep her safe! I kept her safe when none of you† – I made a sweeping gesture around the room – â€Å"could do it. I took her away to protect her. I did what I had to do. You certainly weren't going to.† Through the bond, I felt Lissa trying to send me calming messages, again urging me not to let anger get the best of me. Too late. Kirova stared at me, her face blank. â€Å"Miss Hathaway, forgive me if I fail to see the logic of how taking her out of a heavily guarded, magically secured environment is protecting her. Unless there's something you aren't telling us?† I bit my lip. â€Å"I see. Well, then. By my estimation, the only reason you left – aside from the novelty of it, no doubt – was to avoid the consequences of that horrible, destructive stunt you pulled just before your disappearance.† â€Å"No, that's not – â€Å" â€Å"And that only makes my decision that much easier. As a Moroi, the princess must continue on here at the Academy for her own safety, but we have no such obligations to you. You will be sent away as soon as possible.† My cockiness dried up. â€Å"I? ­what?† Lissa stood up beside me. â€Å"You can't do that! She's my guardian.† â€Å"She is no such thing, particularly since she isn't even a guardian at all. She's still a novice.† â€Å"But my parents – â€Å" â€Å"I know what your parents wanted, God rest their souls, but things have changed. Miss Hathaway is expendable. She doesn't deserve to be a guardian, and she will leave.† I stared at Kirova, unable to believe what I was hearing. â€Å"Where are you going to send me? To my mom in Nepal? Did she even know I was gone? Or maybe you'll send me off to my father?† Her eyes narrowed at the bite in that last word. When I spoke again, my voice was so cold, I barely recognized it. â€Å"Or maybe you're going to try to send me off to be a blood whore. Try that, and we'll be gone by the end of the day.† â€Å"Miss Hathaway,† she hissed, â€Å"you are out of line.† â€Å"They have a bond.† Dimitri's low, accented voice broke the heavy tension, and we all turned toward him. I think Kirova had forgotten he was there, but I hadn't. His presence was way too powerful to ignore. He still stood against the wall, looking like some sort of cowboy sentry in that ridiculous long coat of his. He looked at me, not Lissa, his dark eyes staring straight through me. â€Å"Rose knows what Vasilisa is feeling. Don't you?† I at least had the satisfaction of seeing Kirova caught off guard as she glanced between us and Dimitri. â€Å"No? ­that's impossible. That hasn't happened in centuries.† â€Å"It's obvious,† he said. â€Å"I suspected as soon as I started watching them.† Neither Lissa nor I responded, and I averted my eyes from his. â€Å"That is a gift,† murmured Victor from his corner. â€Å"A rare and wonderful thing.† â€Å"The best guardians always had that bond,† added Dimitri. â€Å"In the stories.† Kirova's outrage returned. â€Å"Stories that are centuries old,† she exclaimed. â€Å"Surely you aren't suggesting we let her stay at the Academy after everything she's done?† He shrugged. â€Å"She might be wild and disrespectful, but if she has potential – â€Å" â€Å"Wild and disrespectful?† I interrupted. â€Å"Who the hell are you anyway? Outsourced help?† â€Å"Guardian Belikov is the princess's guardian now,† said Kirova. â€Å"Her sanctioned guardian.† â€Å"You got cheap foreign labor to protect Lissa?† That was pretty mean of me to say – particularly since most Moroi and their guardians were of Russian or Romanian descent – but the comment seemed cleverer at the time than it really was. And it wasn't like I was one to talk. I might have been raised in the U.S., but my parents were foreign-born. My dhampir mother was Scottish – red-haired, with a ridiculous accent – and I'd been told my Moroi dad was Turkish. That genetic combination had given me skin the same color as the inside of an almond, along with what I liked to think were semi-exotic desert-princess features: big dark eyes and hair so deep brown that it usually looked black. I wouldn't have minded inheriting the red hair, but we take what we get. Kirova threw her hands up in exasperation and turned to him. â€Å"You see? Completely undisciplined! All the psychic bonds and very raw potential in the world can't make up for that. A guardian without discipline is worse than no guardian.† â€Å"So teach her discipline. Classes just started. Put her back in and get her training again.† â€Å"Impossible. She'll still be hopelessly behind her peers.† â€Å"No, I won't,† I argued. No one listened to me. â€Å"Then give her extra training sessions,† he said. They continued on while the rest of us watched the exchange like it was a Ping-Pong game. My pride was still hurt over the ease with which Dimitri had tricked us, but it occurred to me that he might very well keep me here with Lissa. Better to stay at this hellhole than be without her. Through our bond, I could feel her trickle of hope. â€Å"Who's going to put in the extra time?† demanded Kirova. â€Å"You?† Dimitri's argument came to an abrupt stop. â€Å"Well, that's not what I – â€Å" Kirova crossed her arms with satisfaction. â€Å"Yes. That's what I thought.† Clearly at a loss, he frowned. His eyes flicked toward Lissa and me, and I wondered what he saw. Two pathetic girls, looking at him with big, pleading eyes? Or two runaways who'd broken out of a high-security school and swiped half of Lissa's inheritance? â€Å"Yes,† he said finally. â€Å"I can mentor Rose. I'll give her extra sessions along with her normal ones.† â€Å"And then what?† retorted Kirova angrily. â€Å"She goes unpunished?† â€Å"Find some other way to punish her,† answered Dimitri. â€Å"Guardian numbers have gone down too much to risk losing another. A girl, in particular.† His unspoken words made me shudder, reminding me of my earlier statement about â€Å"blood whores.† Few dhampir girls became guardians anymore. Victor suddenly spoke up from his corner. â€Å"I'm inclined to agree with Guardian Belikov. Sending Rose away would be a shame, a waste of talent.† Ms. Kirova stared out her window. It was completely black outside. With the Academy's nocturnal schedule, morning and afternoon were relative terms. That, and they kept the windows tinted to block out excess light. When she turned back around, Lissa met her eyes. â€Å"Please, Ms. Kirova. Let Rose stay.† Oh, Lissa, I thought. Be careful. Using compulsion on another Moroi was dangerous – particularly in front of witnesses. But Lissa was only using a tiny bit, and we needed all the help we could get. Fortunately, no one seemed to realize what was happening. I don't even know if the compulsion made a difference, but finally, Kirova sighed. â€Å"If Miss Hathaway stays, here's how it will be.† She turned to me. â€Å"Your continued enrollment at St. Vladimir's is strictly probationary. Step out of line once, and you're gone. You will attend all classes and required trainings for novices your age. You will also train with Guardian Belikov in every spare moment you have – before and after classes. Other than that, you are banned from all social activities, except meals, and will stay in your dorm. Fail to comply with any of this, and you will be sent? ­away.† I gave a harsh laugh. â€Å"Banned from all social activities? Are you trying to keep us apart?† I nodded toward Lissa. â€Å"Afraid we'll run away again?† â€Å"I'm taking precautions. As I'm sure you recall, you were never properly punished for destroying school property. You have a lot to make up for.† Her thin lips tightened into a straight line. â€Å"You are being offered a very generous deal. I suggest you don't let your attitude endanger it.† I started to say it wasn't generous at all, but then I caught Dimitri's gaze. It was hard to read. He might have been telling me he believed in me. He might have been telling me I was an idiot to keep fighting with Kirova. I didn't know. Looking away from him for the second time during the meeting, I stared at the floor, conscious of Lissa beside me and her own encouragement burning in our bond. At long last, I exhaled and glanced back up at the headmistress. â€Å"Fine. I accept.†

Comparing Nietzsche and Freud essays

Comparing Nietzsche and Freud essays Nietzsche and Freud both had the same idea that society was a major factor effecting ones behavior. However they differed in their perception of the innate qualities of humans and how human progress is best achieved. It will be shown in this paper how Nietzsche and Freud differ in their perception of the innate qualities of humans. Nietzsche believed that humans were innately good and that the essence of humans lied within their will. Freud believed that humans innate qualities were bad and it was society which was needed to suppress these qualities. Nietzsche felt that society had too much control over individuals. He states that society had adopted a type of slave morality. Nietzsche felt that if the individual wanted to succeed he or she had to break free of society to better him or herself. The basis of this idea was the theory of the will. Nietzsche believed the will was the human essence. Will is an innate quality because it is not conscience from what society says. Nietzsche believed that individuals were basically born good and it was society that made one bad. In order to avoid society corrupting an individual, one had to follow their will. He wanted the will to be unobstructed by society and in order to do this one had to do away with conscience and consciousness. Conscience is ones sense of right or wrong which comes from what society says. Nietzsche believed that ones consciousness is an illusion and it must be abandoned. By leaving behind what society said and following ones will the individual could ach ieve greatness. Success and progress is best achieved, according to Nietzsche, only when there is an infinite expression of the will present. Freud felt it was society that was beneficial to the individual. Contrary to Nietszche, Freud believed that individuals were naturally born bad and it was society which made him or her bad. Freud believed that individuals were born with an id. The id is ...

Hemagglutinin and Food Poisoning from Beans

Hemagglutinin and Food Poisoning from Beans Not so fun fact: Did you know that eating soaked raw or undercooked beans can result in food poisoning? It can. The culprit is a plant lectin known as phytohaemagglutinin, or simply, hemagglutinin, a chemical known to cause agglutination of mammalian red blood cells and to disrupt cellular metabolism. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, phytohaemagglutinin is found in many types of beans, however, red kidney beans contain the highest levels of hemagglutinin. White kidney beans contain a third as much of the toxin while broad bean varieties contain only 10 percent as much hemagglutinin as red kidney beans. Thats still plenty, however, since you only need to eat four or five undercooked red kidney beans to get sick. Bean Poisoning Symptoms Symptoms start to appear within one to three hours after consuming the beans. They include nausea and vomiting followed by diarrhea and, in some cases, abdominal pain. Although the symptoms may be severe enough to warrant hospitalization, they resolve spontaneously within a few hours. Everyone is susceptible, regardless of age, gender or other factors. Preventing Bean Poisoning It is easy to prevent bean poisoning. The recommended procedure is to boil soaked raw beans in water for a minimum of 10 minutes. It is important that the water reach boiling or 100 °C (212 °F), since exposing the compound to 80 °C (176 °F) actually increases its toxicity about five times. What Is the Most Poisonous Compound? | Is Mistletoe Really That Poisonous? Share Your Experience Had you ever heard of hemagglutinin in beans or bean poisoning? Have you ever experienced this type of food poisoning? Here are replies from readers: I never knew about kidney bean poisoning until today! I made vegetable soup with dried bean mix (without soaking) in a Crockpot. The soup didn’t cook thoroughly even though it was on for over eight hours. Fortunately, my symptoms were mild - but still a very unpleasant experience.- Lea Here’s the drill, folks! Legumes have been a staple of humans and other critters for a long, long time. Look in any old cookbook (mine date back over a century) and guess how they prepared them. THEY SOAK THEM OVERNIGHT AND BRING TO A BOIL, THEN SIMMER UNTIL TENDER. Obviously, they only had fire for fuel and no electricity. I never knew about PNG until last year and have prepared many types of beans, including dry red beans. My main goal is to greatly reduce polysaccharide sugars which encourage anaerobic activity in the gut and, guess†¦gas! So, after 50 years of cooking and research, heres the magic recipe: Sort, rinse, and cover 1 lb. of beans with 2 inches of water. Add 4 tsp. of salt. Soak overnight or 6 to 8 hours. Bring to a boil, and boil 2 minutes. Remove from heat, cover and soak 4 hours. Now, discard water and rinse the beans. Cover beans with water and bring to simmer. Cook until tender. Drain and serve.Note: I use a pressure cooker (seven minutes at 15 lbs. for Pinto beans). Beans are an important part of my diet, almost every day!- JVPETC   I have this reaction to ALL legumes. It doesn’t matter how they are prepared or cooked. It also doesn’t seem to matter how little I consume. I have become extremely ill after consuming something that was made with a small amount of soy flour. I have also started to have a similar reaction to certain nuts. One of my frustrations is that soy seems to be a standard substitution in so many foods, and isn’t always listed. I read that if an ingredient is a common substitution (soy grits for corn, for example) that the substitution isn’t always listed. It is to the point that I can no longer eat foods that my family doesn’t make from â€Å"scratch† with known ingredients.- Paula I am so glad I found this site after waking up at 3:30 a.m. this morning with intestinal pain, nausea, diarrhea and feeling like I was about to pass out right on the bathroom floor. I had eaten dark beans I made from scratch in the crockpot two nights in a row. It was frightening because I couldn’t come up with a reason why this happened. Now I know.- Laurene  Ã‚   I’m just getting back to normal after two pretty awful days. My girlfriend made us a pinto bean and pumpkin casserole and three hours later I felt the first wave of nausea. An hour later I was projectile vomiting until I was just retching. I don’t think I’ve ever felt so ill before. The pinto beans had been soaked overnight and boiled as the instructions said to, but there must have been a few that didn’t cook properly. My girlfriend was absolutely fine and thankfully so is our baby, who had some mashed up. I had to take two days off work and have only just started back on solid food as I couldn’t stomach anything but water.- Jon  Ã‚   I just wrote to a major cooking magazine about the possibility of hemagglutinin poisoning from two slow cooker recipes they printed that called for uncooked navy beans. They answered that they had researched their recipes with the FDA and were told there was very little danger in using the recipe, as most such poisoning comes from red kidney beans. Have they gone bonkers or just don’t want to admit they printed recipes that could make people sick?- Jessica Deforest  Ã‚   I just ate some romano beans and I’ve never really cooked beans before so I didn’t know I had to soak and then cook them, I just cooked them. I threw out most of my dish but ate a significant portion of the meal. My stomach feels a bit weird so I guess I might get sick, but hopefully, it’s just a psychological reaction to learning about this, or it’s just that the beans are tough to digest because of my flawed cooking. Wish me luck.- Jaime Silta My adult son has just had a horrendous episode of acute poisoning that was incredibly intense. Luckily, he has excellent health generally. After eating a plate of shop bought ready prepared falafel with hummus, he was fine for three or four hours and then had a rapid onset of acute abdominal pain and diarrhea. He also had some blood loss with diarrhea. The pain was really severe and at one point I thought I would have to get an ambulance. He also began vomiting. Incredibly, this really severe and acute illness began to wear off after four or five hours. 20 hours later, he is feeling fine again, although obviously exhausted! I have always thought that the most severe food poisoning was associated with contaminated meat and dairy products and had no idea that beans could be so lethal!- Cate   I ate raw Romano beans I bought from the grocery store. They sold them beside the green beans that I’ve always eaten raw, so I thought it was just another type of bean. I ended up eating an entire bag of them, thinking they were good. BIG MISTAKE. I felt like throwing up five minutes later. They burned in my stomach. Went to bed, passed a lot of gas, my intestines were spasming. Woke up 6 hours later with abdominal pain. Drank Pepto Bismal. Went back to bed. Woke up an hour and a half later with extremely watery diarrhea. Had to pass water for stool several times.- Anonymous My wife has just had a severe attack of vomiting and diarrhea. The suspect is the falafel we had for dinner made from white butter beans, or dried runner beans. The recipe used from Claudia Roden’s book specifies making the rissoles from uncooked beans. They are then deep-fried. I found a 2008 article from the Independent called Beware of the Beans. A family using the same recipe (shallow fried, however) all came down with severe symptoms. Even white beans have enough lectin to cause problems.- Jeremy Cunningham

The Use of Information Systems to Aid Communication and Financial Assignment

The Use of Information Systems to Aid Communication and Financial Management in Business - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that information is one of the extremely important elements in a business organization because of that it serves as a support tool for business operation, decision making, managerial functions and organizational activities. Information is normally considered to be the most powerful asset in a business. Many businesses are effectively utilizing the information that is rich with and succeed in a market by achieving competitive advantage whereas many other firms fail in managing it and thus to surviving in the market as well. This piece of research work presents a brief report on how the information system can effectively be used to aid communication and financial management. No matter how small or large the business is, information is highly critical to it and it can help the business attain its goals. Information is essentially important for financial management for various reasons like decision making, and there have been efforts to bring e ffectiveness in approaching the information and the outcome is that an information system approach has been developed. It is important to identify, explain and evaluate how the information system is used and how it can be successfully used in communication and financial management. Stair, Reynolds, and Reynolds pointed out that information system is a set of inter-related elements or components that collect, manipulate, store and disseminate data or information and provide a corrective reaction to meet a specific objective. Information System is thus a process or system approach towards collecting the data or information as inputs, manipulating them through processes, storing them as either tacit or explicit and making use of them once they have been disseminated as outputs. An organization can be said to use information system if there is a system in which people, process, technology, and information are aligned and integrated.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Human Resource Management - Essay Example 155). Human resource planning is the process in which the organization determines and lays strategies to acquire, and maintain the right quantities of human resource pool, in the right ratios of skills ,character and knowledge to fit the organization demands at current and in the future .In a period of recession the strategies employed largely depend on the mission, vision as well as its strategies and functions .Organizations will in most times plan in anticipation of a recession .most organizations result to more efficient utilization of the available human capital especially in states in which large payoffs are required in cases of lay offs .It is inescapable to lay off in cases of large loss making sessions as has been experienced by ZAIN mobile company which operate in parts of Asia and Africa (Punnett, 2004, p. 155).. The other strategy is diversification of product lines to produce more demanded goods such as consumable goods. Companies usually take a thorough evaluation of their product or services and take note of their potential risks .survey conducted in over 130 firms in Europe and America including Microsoft corporation shows that firms engage in revenue generating rather than cost cutting strategies ,this however is common to small startup firms with large widespread firms engaging in cost cutting strategies such as low investment thus cutting on new recruitments .In response to their new skills requirement they result in hiring on contractual basis ,and limited to specific skills .Generally during recession most firms engage in short term human resource planning due to the uncertainties associated with recession ,a good example is the General motors company (Storey, 1999, p. 130). It should be noted that firm sizes affects their response to human resource planning which is largely based on firm size

Assess the Changing Politics of Environmentalism in Chinese Civil Essay - 1

Assess the Changing Politics of Environmentalism in Chinese Civil Society - Essay Example Thus, in the hopes of assessing the changing politics of environmentalism in the Chinese civic culture, this essay briefly narrates the history of environmentalism in the country and how it changed overtime. In addition, the essay presents examples of online environmental initiatives, their hard line activities, and the corresponding impact of these internet-facilitated activities on civil society. The Chinese people have once more proven to the world their innovative prowess with the onslaught of online green social movements. Rapid development in technology has assisted the wake of environmentalism among the Chinese. â€Å"Environmental activism in China critically diverges from the popular image of social movements as ‘masses of people taking to the streets and erecting barricades’ (Peter ho and Edmonds 216). The country has wakened up to the alarming needs to protect its environment as a measure to prevent possible calamities and widespread communicable diseases with a view to minimize the operation costs in the administration of the country. In the past, Mao introduced a revolutionary industrialization program in which he insisted falling trees and leveling the surface of the land in order to support the growth of industry in China. The depletion of environmental balance in the country was constituted mainly by Mao’s policies as per the references of many a historian in the world. For instance, the agricultural policies like ‘close plating of seedlings, deep planting, the double- blade plow, peculiar fertilization techniques’ were of negative impacts on the environment (Shapiro 76). In addition, Mao’s political line was rather utopian as he considered nature his most prolific enemy to be conquered. He associated a ‘mass culture’ in China with which he formulated his policies and executed the destruction of forests. It has to be observed that

Advertising Designed To Differentiate Remind Inform And Persuade Marketing Essay

Advertising Designed To Differentiate Remind Inform And Persuade Marketing Essay Advertising is one part of the promotional mix, and therefore advertising objectives will be set in line with overall Promotional and Marketing Objectives, which in turn will relate to the organizations overall Corporate Objectives. In general, however, there are three main categories of advertising objectives a business might set itself in terms of whether it seeks to Inform, Persuade or Remind the target audience. Types of advertisement: Inform: Informative advertising, seeks to tell the market about the product, explain how the product works, provide information on pricing, and build awareness of both the product and the company. Such objectives are normally pursued at the launch of a new product, or re-launch / up-date of an existing product. Its the product of Pepsi Company and wants to inform people about it. Presenting different taste and verity of the product in daily print Electronic media to influence people towards product. Persuade: Here objectives are to encourage the target audience to switch brands, make the purchase, and create a preference in the market for the product as opposed to its competition. Advertising of this nature is required in highly competitive markets, where a range of products compete directly with each other. In such circumstances businesses often seek to differentiate their product through Comparison Advertising either directly or indirectly comparing its product to that of its competitors. Here Nestle Pakistan wants to inform public about the price of Product NIDO Price. That its price 39 rupees per liter and also persuade that it is low price then market price as well as grater Quality. Their target market is for product childrens. Remind: Reminder Advertising is used to maintain interest and awareness of a well established product in the market, often in the latter stages of its product life cycle. It is often used at the Point-of-Purchase to remind consumers of the Brand. Such advertising is used by the likes of Coca-Cola and other leading brands, to maintain their position in the market. Nestle Yogurt is well know product of Nestle Pakistan, they advertise just remind people about the product. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising P-5: Evaluate appropriate uses and applications for advertising in two given situations. Uses of advertisement: Advertisements are used to tell the audience what products you are selling, services you provide and the type of business you do such as whether your business provides finance company loan services for purchasers. Advertisements may be used to notify the public of the date and venue of an event. They inform consumers of what is available with a view to get the customers into the store and make sales. Other Uses are Corporate Communications Incentive Programs Multi-State Marketing Campaigns Multifunction/Department Management Regional Markets Prominent Client List Strategic Advertising Account Marketing/Sales Vendor Research Selection Strong Customer Relations Print/Newspaper Trends Marketing Program Execution Uses in Reminding: Brief messages designed chiefly to keep a product in the mind of the consumer once the product is already familiar. Reminder advertising usually follows an extensive advertising campaign, and therefore does not elaborate on the reasons to buy the product. Common examples of reminder advertisements are those found on matchbooks and pencils and in skywriting, as well as the more traditional media vehicles. Advertising designed to remind consumers of the benefits of a product or service, or of their current need for those benefits. For instance, the XYZ Company may seek to remind consumers of their need for XYZ anti-freeze when the weather begins to turn cold. Uses in Persuasion: This is the basic rule when it comes to persuasion in advertising. No matter how enticing the woman in a poster for a liquor brand might be, its not going to work if your target audience is composed of straight women. They just wont go for that. The same logic applies to when youre catering for the rich and the poor. You have to study your target group in order to come up with the most suitable ad campaign. Watching the news can prove to be a very effective mode of persuasion in advertising. By keeping yourself tuned into what is happening globally and locally, you are able to put your brand or your client into context with your target market. For example, if youre assigned to come up with an ad for vitamins and the rainy season has arrived, you can use the weather to convince your market that they need vitamins. Persuasion in advertising can be as direct or indirect as you want it to be. Some brands have even been known to make use of certain celebrities to actually tell people to support a certain brand. Whichever road you choose to take, it is very important to take note of your target market (because theyre the ones youre supposed to convince) and take advantage of current events to help you do it. P-6: Evaluate the role, organization and functions of agencies in the advertising process. Advertisement Process: http://www.ipa.co.uk/write/images/uploads/process.jpg Advertisement agency: An advertising agency or ad agency is a service business dedicated to creating, planning and handling advertising (and sometimes other forms of promotion) for its clients. An ad agency is independent from the client and provides an outside point of view to the effort of selling the clients products or services. An agency can also handle overall marketing and branding strategies and sales promotions for its clients. Role of advertising agencies in advertising process: A plethora of Businesses, Corporations, Government Organizations and Non Profit set-ups hire advertising agencies   to advertise their products, brands and services to present and prospective customers. Understand the Product / Company: An advertising agency begins by getting well acquainted with the clients goals, products target audience. This knowledge proves beneficial in planning and creating an effective advertising campaign. The advertising executives work towards creating an effective advertising campaign (a single or a series of attention grabbing and unique ads) which is within the clients marketing goals and budget. This includes creating interesting slogans, attractive jingles and attention grabbing body copy for advertisements. The client has the final word and may ask for rework. Plan Create an Advertising Campaign: Once an advertising agency understands its clients needs, the process of brainstorming and planning begins. Keeping in mind the clients goals (which can range from pushing sales of its products and services introducing new products in the market reiterating its brands benefits attracting new customers or keeping in touch with old ones Strategize: Some Companies like to outsource their overall marketing responsibilities to advertising agencies. In such a case, the ad agency takes over the process of brand building, strategizing and pushing sales through other promotion techniques like sales promotions etc. Organization of advertising agencies:- Broadly there are 6 departments in any advertising agency Account Servicing Account Planning Media Creative Production Finance and Accounting Account service department The account service, or the account management department, is the link between the ad agency and its clients. Depending upon the size of the account and its advertising budget one or two account executives serve as liaison to the client. The account executives job requires high degree of diplomacy and tact as misunderstanding may lead to loss of an account. The account executive is mainly responsible to gain knowledge about the clients business, profit goals, marketing problems and advertising objectives. The account executive is responsible for getting approved the media schedules, budgets and rough ads or story boards from the client. The next task is to make sure that the agency personnel produce the advertising to the clients satisfaction. The biggest role of the account executive is keeping the agency ahead of the client through follow-up and communications. Media department The responsibility of the agencys media department is to develop a media plan to reach the target audience effectively in a cost effective manner. The staff analyses, selects and contracts for media time or space that will be used to deliver the ad message. This is one of the most important decisions since a significantly large part of the clients money is spent on the media time and/or space. The media department has acquired increasing importance in an agencys business as large advertisers seem to be more inclined to consolidate media buying with one or few agencies thereby saving money and improving media efficiency. Creative department To a large extent, the success of an ad agency depends upon the creative department responsible for the creation and execution of the advertisements. The creative specialists are known as copywriters. They are the ones who conceive ideas for the ads and write the headlines, subheads and the body copy. They are also involved in deciding the basic theme of the advertising campaign, and often they do prepare the rough layout of the print ad or the commercial story board. Creation of an ad is the responsibility of the copywriters and the art department decides how the ad should look. Production department After the completion and approval of the copy and the illustrations the ad is sent to the production department. Generally agencies do not actually produce the finished ads; instead they hire printers, photographers, engravers, typographers and others to complete the finished ad. For the production of the approved TV commercial, the production department may supervise the casting of actors to appear in the ad, the setting for scenes and selecting an independent production studio. The production department sometimes hires an outside director to transform the creative concept to a commercial. Finance and accounting department An advertising agency is in the business of providing services and must be managed that way. Thus, it has to perform various functions such as accounting, finance, human resources etc. it must also attempt to generate new business. Also this department is important since bulk of the agencys income approx. 65% goes as salary and benefits to the employees. Functions of advertising agency: Professionals at advertising agencies and other advertising organizations offer a number of functions including: Account Management: Within an advertising agency the account manager or account executive is tasked with handling all major decisions related to a specific client. These responsibilities include locating and negotiating to acquire clients. Once the client has agreed to work with the agency, the account manager works closely with the client to develop an advertising strategy. For very large clients, such as large consumer products companies, an advertising agency may assign an account manager to work full-time with only one client and, possibly, with only one of the clients product lines. For smaller accounts an account manager may simultaneously manage several different, though non-competing, accounts. Creating Team: The principle role of account managers is to manage the overall advertising campaign for a client, which often includes delegating selective tasks to specialists. For large accounts one task account managers routinely delegate involves generating ideas, designing concepts and creating the final advertisement, which generally becomes the responsibility of the agencys creative team. An agencys creative team consists of specialists in graphic design, film and audio production, copywriting, computer programming, and much more. Research: Full-service advertising agencies employ market researchers who assess a clients market situation, including understanding customers and competitors, and also are used to test creative ideas. For instance, in the early stages of an advertising campaign researchers may run focus group sessions with selected members of the clients target market in order to get their reaction to several advertising concepts. Researchers are also used following the completion of an advertising campaign to measure whether the campaign reached its objectives. Media Planning: Once an advertisement is created, it must be placed through an appropriate advertising media. Each advertising media, of which there are thousands, has its own unique methods for accepting advertisements, such as different advertising cost structures (i.e., what it costs marketers to place an ad), different requirements for accepting ad designs (e.g., size of ad), different ways placements can be purchased (e.g., direct contact with media or through third-party seller), and different time schedules (i.e., when ad will be run). Understanding the nuances of different media is the role of a media planner, who looks for the best media match for a client and also negotiates the best deals. An Advertising agency is responsible for coming up for an Idea for an advertisement for the customers these customers maybe anyone Coke Cola, Pepsi Adidis, Nike anyone who has something to sell pays money to an advertising agency to get there product into the mind of customer. The advertising agencies are responsible for marketing and producing their clients brand. For example, if the client is Dell Computers, the agencys role is to see what are the best ideas in promoting the product. It can be done with television commercials, print ads or internet ads. There are many services an agency offers to its client. http://www.smallbusinessnotes.com/operating/marketing/advertisingprocess.html M-2: Make an effective judgment which of these advertisement do you consider as best in its category and why? In my judgment the add of NIDO is best of all because it have solid persuasive entity of price where people know general price of milk per liter and they give low price as 39 rupees per liter, shown the target market as mentioned in the picture a child with his mother. Here mother giving love in shape milk as NIDO. They specified the quality in the sentence ghezayit sy barphoor dhood. The specified that its beneficial as quality for children health. They also mentioned from how much quantity a quality milk can be made. On the top the company named is mentioned. Which show the overall company advertisement too. Where as bright colors are used which show happiness of the family children. D-1: Evaluate your findings on the basis of the criteria for the category discussed in Merit section. As I mentioned in the merit part my findings in the add. That price is mentioned in the add. That per liter its cost 30 rupees. They have shown their target market as children. They shown in the add NIDO as the symbol of care LOVE of mother with children. They described how to make liquid milk from powder milk in the better quality its quality quantity measurements. That the formula making better milk. They shown NIDO have better hygiene quality and health making material as vitamins etc. I think they had covered in the add: Target Market Brand quality Brand Price Brand Quantity Brand Benefits Method of use Contents of product Appendix Inform Persuade Remind