Strategic human resource development

Strategic human resource development INTRODUCTION This essay will talk about the existence of strategic human resource development from just merely human resource development. Then, it will be proceed with both role of strategic human resource development and management, and, determine whether strategic human resource development have its own space or not. After that, this paper will essay on the impact of economic and social globalisation on strategic human resource development and followed by conclusion. THE EXISTANCE OF STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Organisational Development (OD) practice creates Human Resource Development which led to individual and organisational learning. According to Hellriegel, Jackson and Slocum (2005), &lsqou;Organisation Development is a planned, long-range, behavioural science strategy for understanding, changing, and developing an organisations workforce in order to improve its effectiveness&rsqou;. McLagan (1989 cited in Wilson, 2005, p.10) described ‘HRD as the integrated use of individual training and development, organization development, and career development to improve individual, group and organizational effectiveness’. Pace, Smith and Mills (1991) state that ‘the goal of HRD is to achieve the highest quality of work life for the employee and to produce the highest quality of products and services possible in the environment and context of the organization in which development is occurring’. Nowadays, strategy is important in integrating the nature of HRD into the organisation. Therefore, Human Resource Development is implemented strategically. Hence, Strategic Human Resource Development (SHRD) can be defined as, strategising the integration of HRD with formulation and implementation with a long-term view of Human Resource policy. In other words, SHRD is how HRD is applied and aligned to achieve the organisational goals and objectives strategically. It can be done by horizontal integration among Human Resource functions and vertical integration with corporate strategy to achieve Strategic Human Resource as core competitive advantage. Therefore by the movement from being simply HRD towards SHRD shows that, there might be some changes going on within the environment that need the human resources to be develop. Beer and Spector (1989; in Garavan et al., 1995 cited in Wilson, 2005, p.10) maintain that ‘Strategic HRD can be viewed as a proactive, system-wide intervention, with it linked to strategic planning and cultural changeHRD can only be strategic if it is incorporated into the overall corporate business strategy’. THE ROLES OF STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) can be defined as relating the strategic goals and objectives of the organization with its human resources, so as to improve business performance and developing organizational culture which encourage innovation and flexibility to gain competitive advantage. SHRM will involve the HR functions through HR activities such as recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel. De Cieri, et al. (2008) states that ‘SHRM can be thought as the pattern of planned human resource deployments and activities intended to enable an organisation to achieve its goals’. In the strategy implementation of HR practices in SHRM, one of the components is selection, training and development of people where this can be achieved by employee learning and development. This is where SHRD plays its part to implement new approach of training and development strategically and be flexible as well as to develop Individuals to possess certain skills to perform certain tasks in order to accomplish the companys goals. Hence, those individuals may be motivated through training to perform their skills effectively to increase the quality and productivity. Another role of SHRM is transferring the responsibility of managing human resource to a lower level because of the dynamic change happening nowadays instead of centralising decision making. Thus, the lower levels also have their say in determining, implementing and setting strategy which is the component of SHRD roles. During the implementation of strategic planning and systematic, strategy to reach company goals is carried out. Rather than being a functional specialist, SHRM and SHRD should be activities of management that aligned with business strategies of organisations. To support this, Boxall (1991) said: ‘Human resource development cannot be conceptualise as a stand alone corporate issue, strategically it must flow from and be dependent upon the organisations structure- it is therefore seen as strategic by virtue of its alignment with business strategy, organisational structure, and internal consistency’. According to Johnson and Scholes (2002 cited in Wilson, 2005, p.87) there are ‘three main elements to strategic management: strategic analysis, strategic choice and strategy implementation, which are not linear events but interlinked in terms of a role for HRD and HRM’. Here, it shows that, SHRD lies within the context of SHRM. IMPACT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ON SHRD Globalisation is about movement and change. ‘Globalisation can be defined as the ongoing economic, technological, social, and political integration of the world that began after the Second World War’ (http://www.usa.edu.pk/Web/Publications/PDF/globalization%20n%20role%20of%20HRM.pdf?m=8). As a result of globalisation, there is a wide customer-based and competitors all over the world. Organisations in high-wage countries will find it difficult to maintain low labour costs. Therefore, they may create business strategies that stress innovation and require employees with high levels of skills and knowledge. The following example will support the argument. Jackson, Schuler and Werner (2009, p.39) noted that ‘Malden Mills, the textile company that makes Polartec, is also counting on its knowledge resources. Located in Massachusetts, its factory employees cant compete with the low-cost labor in other countries. Instead, it needs to leverage research capabilities to develop new products and production methods. As these and other factories evolve, low-skilled jobs will be replaced by jobs requiring much higher skills. Employers and employees alike will be required to adapt accordingly’. For that reason, economic globalisation may amend the way a company manage their human resources. One way is to train their staff for present requirements and develop them for future requirements. Individual talents are being developed through strategic training programs to achieve that particular level of skills and knowledge to gain competitive advantage. And also, in order to achieve competitive advantage, top levels need to acquire, develop and retain appropriate expertise to connect the learning process directly to the strategic direction of the organization. One of the key challenges from globalisation is competitiveness. So, organisation should consider the competitive challenge, such as, how to keep competitors weaker, how many and what people to employ, how to lower production costs and many more. Due to the pressure of fast changes in the labour market and since globalisation may create and destruct jobs it may contribute instability in social relationships. The sense of security to maintain the job is through social protection as well as higher quality of work. In order to achieve higher quality of work that aligns with its strategic goals and competing with the growing pools of skilled workers in emerging market countries, individuals need to improve their performance through learning, training and development, and also adapt to the change of the environment. Adapting towards changes will have social impacts that need to be managed by HRD. Taking as an example, ‘As the European Policy Committee (EPC) notes in a recent report (EPC, 2005), it is imperative that Europes economies are able to move labour and capital swiftly and with ease ‘to take advantage of new opportunities and potential income gains, and minimise adjustment costs’. Particular concerns are to avoid concentrations of displaced workers’ (http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/spsi/docs/social_situation/simglobe_fin_rep.pdf).

The Criminalization of the Mentally Ill Essays -- Prison for Individua

Problem Analysis: The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world and of that over sixty percent of jail inmates reported having a mental health issue and 316,000 of them are severely mentally ill (Raphael & Stoll, 2013). Correctional facilities in the United States have become the primary mental health institutions today (Adams & Ferrandino, 2008). This imprisonment of the mentally ill in the United States has increased the incarceration rate and has left those individuals medically untreated and emotionally unstable while in jail and after being released. Better housing facilities, medical treatment and psychiatric counseling can be helpful in alleviating their illness as well as upon their release. This paper will explore the increasing incarceration rate of the mentally ill in the jails and prisons of the United States, the lack of medical services available to the mentally ill, the roles of the police, the correctional officers and the community and the revolving door phenom enon (Soderstrom, 2007). It will also review some of the existing and present policies that have been ineffective and present new policies that can be effective with the proper resources and training. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate that the criminalization of the mentally ill has become a public health problem and that our policy should focus more on rehabilitation rather than punishment. A huge factor in the prevalence of mental health problems in United States prison and jail inmates is believed to be due to the policy of deinstitutionalization. Many of the mentally ill were treated in publicly funded hospitals up until the 1960’s. Due to budget cuts and underfunding of community mental health services we ... ...aluating mental health courts as an ideal mental health intervention. Best Practices in Mental Health, 21-37. Lamb, H. R. (2004). Mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system: Some perspectives. Psychiatric Quarterly, 108-126. Markowitz, F. E. (2011). Mental illness, crime, and violence: Risk, context, and social control. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 36-44. Raphael, S. &. (2013). Assessing the Contribution of the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill to Growth in the U.S. Incarceration Rate. The Journal of Legal Studies, 187-220. Rock, M. (2001). Emerging issues with mentally ill offenders: Casues and social consequences. Administration and Policy in Mental Health., 165-180. Soderstrom, I. R. (2007). Mental illness in offender populations: Prevalance, duty, and implications. Mental health issues in the criminal justice system., 1-17. The Criminalization of the Mentally Ill Essays -- Prison for Individua Problem Analysis: The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world and of that over sixty percent of jail inmates reported having a mental health issue and 316,000 of them are severely mentally ill (Raphael & Stoll, 2013). Correctional facilities in the United States have become the primary mental health institutions today (Adams & Ferrandino, 2008). This imprisonment of the mentally ill in the United States has increased the incarceration rate and has left those individuals medically untreated and emotionally unstable while in jail and after being released. Better housing facilities, medical treatment and psychiatric counseling can be helpful in alleviating their illness as well as upon their release. This paper will explore the increasing incarceration rate of the mentally ill in the jails and prisons of the United States, the lack of medical services available to the mentally ill, the roles of the police, the correctional officers and the community and the revolving door phenom enon (Soderstrom, 2007). It will also review some of the existing and present policies that have been ineffective and present new policies that can be effective with the proper resources and training. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate that the criminalization of the mentally ill has become a public health problem and that our policy should focus more on rehabilitation rather than punishment. A huge factor in the prevalence of mental health problems in United States prison and jail inmates is believed to be due to the policy of deinstitutionalization. Many of the mentally ill were treated in publicly funded hospitals up until the 1960’s. Due to budget cuts and underfunding of community mental health services we ... ...aluating mental health courts as an ideal mental health intervention. Best Practices in Mental Health, 21-37. Lamb, H. R. (2004). Mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system: Some perspectives. Psychiatric Quarterly, 108-126. Markowitz, F. E. (2011). Mental illness, crime, and violence: Risk, context, and social control. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 36-44. Raphael, S. &. (2013). Assessing the Contribution of the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill to Growth in the U.S. Incarceration Rate. The Journal of Legal Studies, 187-220. Rock, M. (2001). Emerging issues with mentally ill offenders: Casues and social consequences. Administration and Policy in Mental Health., 165-180. Soderstrom, I. R. (2007). Mental illness in offender populations: Prevalance, duty, and implications. Mental health issues in the criminal justice system., 1-17.

The Rise of the Modern American Presidency

To begin, an anecdote that many are sure to recall and relate to is presented: as the United States found itself in a war, the likes of which it had never seen before, the President found himself at a crossroads of policy, power and the consequences of his actions, for whatever course he took, there would be political fallout. All of his advisors had something to offer, and of course, his critics and political enemies all stood ready to witness his downfall should he falter in his resolve or fail in his judgment.Ultimately, com/unit-3-our-government-today-the-legislative-and-executive-branches/">the President took full advantage of his powers- granted and implied- and set forth with his course of action, touching off a firestorm of disputes over the level of power he actually possesses, how much input such governmental bodies as the US Congress has in times of presidential posturing, and the like. The scenario presented sounds as if it could have been torn from the current headlines, as President George W.Bush is engulfed in controversy and opposition for his exercise of power in the midst of the modern war on terrorism, but a quick glance backward into the annals of history shows that this same scenario, albeit with some differences in circumstance here and there, could apply to Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II, and certainly could apply to any number of other presidents.The point to be made is that the increase and exercise of presidential power is one of the most critical issues and points of contention in American politics. Even in light of past (and present) poor decision making on the part of American Presidents, and the scandals that have rocked the presidency to its core in the past, every indication is that presidential power will only continue to grow as the 21st century unfolds and the complexity of the American political system grows (Shafritz, Weinberg).In this research, the different conceptions of th e proper role of the President in the American political system will be presented and discussed, with an ultimate goal of tracing the rise of the modern presidency, when/why the President became so powerful, why this power has endured, and whether or not the researcher favors and alternative, as well as the advantages/disadvantages of such powerful leadership. The Rise of the Modern American Presidency As this paper began, an anecdote was presented that in fact applies to every generation of presidential leadership in America.The existence of such power begs the first question of when this power first began to emerge. By design, the presidency of the United States was constitutionally intended to be of course an executive leadership role that was ultimately independent of the Congress that was also originated by the same Constitutional mandates (Lowi, et al). Therefore, from the beginning of the US itself, the President was placed in the position whereby he would have assert the pow ers of the presidency if he were to be able to gain/sustain any sort of assertive power during his years as chief executive.Throughout American history, there have been examples of passive and aggressive, weak and strong presidents, all because of their ability-or lack of ability- to successfully establish a power base within their administration. This power base can be gathered through a variety of means, such as the assembly of a powerful cabinet of advisors who in themselves possess the fortitude and connections to make their boss a more formidable chief executive, through holding the favor of Congress, such as when Congress is controlled by the political party of the president in question, or through his own cunning, skills or outright deception.Whatever the case may be the net effect over the past two centuries plus has been that the presidency has risen to a pinnacle of varying degrees of power, depending upon the person holding the office. When/Why the American President Gain ed Such Power The power that the President has the option of exercising or relaxing, according to most sources, has its modern roots in a specific administration and period of American history.The President was FD Roosevelt, and the time was immediately upon his assumption of office in 1932, through World War II, and up to the time of Roosevelt’s death in office in 1945 (Shafritz, Weinberg). In fact, the precedent that Roosevelt set with his administration seemed, in retrospect, to have taken the presidency to a new level of modern power. There are a few possible reasons for this. One reason that is frequently cited by many historians is the dawn of the development of the nuclear weapon- often called the dawn of the Atomic Age.With the existence of technology that could literally destroy the planet in a matter of moments put forth an interesting dynamic for the political landscape of America- first, although it was a highly guarded secret at the time, prior to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan in 1945, the corridors of American presidential power undoubtedly came to the realization that they not only had an awesome responsibility to wield nuclear weapons in a careful manner, but also that there were likely other powerful nations, such as the USSR, who also held in their possession nuclear weapons that could likewise destroy the planet as we know it.Therefore, the American President became not only in a sense the judge, jury and executioner for the nation and the rest of the world, but also a sort of protector for all of the peaceful people of the world. From that point forward, international relations, technology and the deterioration of the state of peace in the world has galvanized the power of the American President.Why the Power Endures The endurance of the power of the President of the United States, it now appears, is essential to endure because of the dangers that lurk in the nations of the world, making it necessary for the American President to be a sort of watchdog for the entire planet. Additionally, there are other, more transparent but nonetheless significant reasons why presidential power endures.Whether anyone would care to admit it or not, the President of the United States is in many cases kept as a powerful individual due to the fact that the major political parties of America use the presidency as a central source of influence and clout for their party when a President from their particular party holds the office; therefore, it is of mutual benefit for the President and his party to work to support each other, and a key ingredient that is needed to make the coalition work is the gathering and retention of power.Elected officials likewise will help to make the President more powerful in exchange for his support in their political activities and aspirations. Literally, it must also be acknowledged that the President of the United States is explicitly granted certain powers by the US Constitution (Lowi, et al). Some of these-what are known as expressed powers- are somewhat automatic for the President. Others- known as delegated powers-many times require the consultation of Congress and others in order to be exercised.This being said, however, one only needs to look at today’s headlines to find countless examples where the current President has overstepped the boundaries of what is traditionally permitted on the President’s own initiative. Many claim that this is literally illegal-others are simply outraged- some take both stances. Therefore, what we see is that the President of the United States has acquired some powers, has some powers that are constitutionally built-in, and has other powers that have simply been grabbed without permission.Pros/Cons of Presidential Power Presidential power has its advantages and disadvantages- in many cases, the difference between the two lies in political affiliation and/or personal opinion. On the positive side, few would argue th at a President with the ability to defend the nation successfully from enemies, keep the economy going strong, and provide for the welfare of the people through the acquisition of power would be an unfavorable scenario.On the other hand, the â€Å"cons† of presidential power include possible abuses of that power, unfavorable consequences of the wielding of that power, etc. In any case, there will never be a perfect balance of presidential power, but perhaps there are ways to keep the power in check while still keeping the President as a strong leader for the good of the people. Researcher’s ViewsThe result of this research, in the mind of the researcher, has been to come to the realization that absolute presidential power is not a favorable situation, nor is the situation of a weak President who has to seek permission and motivation to accomplish anything. Therefore, the researcher herein puts forth an opinion that the issue of the appropriate level of presidential pow er cannot be answered with a political debate, election or document.It can, however, be balanced with presence of politically active citizens who speak out when the president oversteps his boundaries of authority, works to improve the nation, and constantly holds the President to a high standard of accountability and responsible use of power. Then, and only then, can presidential power be correctly held and utilized. Conclusion The President of the United States, even centuries after the foundation of America, remains an enigmatic contradiction- he needs to be powerful, yet that power needs to be regulated and monitored.Therefore, in closing, let this point be understood- blind faith in any leaders will inevitably create chaos. As such, every American has the responsibility to express their opinions, be heard, and fight to keep the presidency what it was intended to be- the voice of the people. Works Cited Lowi, Ginsberg, Shepsle (2005). American Government: Power and Purpose. 9th e d. New York: WW Norton and Company. Shafritz, Weinberg (2005). Classics in American Literature. 3rd ed. Pittsburgh, PA: Wadsworth.

Creatine s Performance Enhancing Athletic Performance

Carter Eckhardt CP Eng IV 2nd hr. February 24, 2016 Muscle Candy If you ever wandered through a pharmacy, you may have seen muscular bodybuilders checking out creatine (Cr) supplements. Many athletes consume this supplement to build strength and enhance athletic performance, especially towards physical efforts requiring energy bursts. Since English Olympians initially brought attention to creatine s performance-enhancing benefits at the 1992 Barcelona Games, creatine s popularity has skyrocketed. Its effectiveness is supported by numerous scientific studies, including those suggesting benefits for people with physical disabilities. The supplementation of Cr is proven in studies to enhance athletic performance, although more studies have shown how Cr will boost the strength of the physically and mentally disabled with limited side effects. Creatine, a nitrogenous carboxylic acid, is produced internally in vertebrates or consumed from exogenous sources such as fish or red meat. Cr is synthesized in a two-step process from three amino ac ids: arginine, glycine and methionine. Cr synthesis begins in the kidney and pancreas from arginine and glycine. According to Qasim and Mahmood, (2015), almost 90-95% of the total Cr in the human body is stored in the skeletal muscles which take up Cr against a concentration gradient with the aid of the sodium-dependent Cr transporter-1. Cr is stored mainly in the skeleton system, but also in muscle fibers, brain neurological system,Show MoreRelated Against Steroids in Sports Essay2217 Words   |  9 Pagesto enhance their looks or athletic performances,† stated Nuwer (Nuwer, 61). As astounding as these figures are, the number of performance drug users is steadily increasing. With this progressively increasing numbers, it is projected that millions more will use steroids in the immediate future (Newer, 61). Athletes have always sought an advantage in competition even if ignoring the law and their health if necessary. Using drugs of any sort to facilitate an athlete’s a thletic ability should be illegalRead MoreSteroids and Our World758 Words   |  3 PagesAnabolic steroids are synthetic steroid hormones made to resemble testosterone. These drugs are not the only performance enhancing drugs (PED’s) out there. Some are not even steroids, such as: creatine, tamoxifen, propranolol, cox-2, albuterol, ephedrine, and erythpoietin. These performance enhancing drugs may be boosting the skill level in an athlete’s career, but it is doing no good to the health of the athlete himself. Multiple sports are having reports of athletes using PED’s including baseballRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Banned1645 Words   |  7 Pagesthe rules by using performance enhancing drugs each year. Performance enhancing drugs help athletes to becomes bigger, faster, and overall better at their individual sport. This process is called doping. Doping can be defined as using drugs and various substances to better perform at a particular task. Furthermore, these athletes act in the moment and fail to see all aspects of these performance enhancing drugs. Contradictorily, some individuals argue that performance enhancing drugs should in factRead MorePerformance Enhancement Drugs For American Sports1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe growing issue of performance-enhancement drugs in American sports today brings about an image that all performance drugs are unhealthy. However, not all performance enhancement drugs are hurtful. The real issue of performance drugs is medical need versus physical want. Moreover, performance-enhancement drugs should still be allowed but with restrictions. The first issue of performance-enhancement drugs (PED) and probably the most recognized PEDs are the use of anabolic steroids.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦anabolicRead MoreThe effects of Creatine in Sports Performance Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagesyears and a balance of gender was aimed for in order to be unbiased but resources were mainly male orientated. Time period was not contained as a variety of short and long term supplementation is good to compare the different effects of sports performance over different durations of supplementation. Age of subjects in experiment weren’t specific but fell into ages between 16 and 25 beside Gualanoa (2014) article who were considerably older subjects. Main Text The results suggests that Cr is safeRead MoreCreatine Use Must be Banned Essay1940 Words   |  8 Pages     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Athletes are always searching for ways to enhance their performance. Recently, beginning in the 1950s, that search has included the use of illegal substances like steroids and growth hormones. Illegal substances have been used widely by athletes in hop es of achieving the desired Olympic gold medal or multi-million dollar contract. Some nations, for example the late East Germany in the 1970s and 1980s, have mandated the use of steroids by their athletes. The downside of using thoseRead MoreUse Of Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Banned1961 Words   |  8 PagesThe controversial question is whether the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PED) in sports should be banned or not. Professional sports are popular in most countries. Major franchises are dealing with the issue of PED being used by the athletes who are paid to perform in the sport on the belief that they are naturally a raw talent. This controversial essay will side with the banning of PED use in any type of sport activity, whether it is at professional or amateur level. Both sides of this issueRead MoreSteroids Use Among Athletes Essay2159 Words   |  9 Pageschange.   No longer does an athlete want to win by doing their best, but they want to become bigger and have an advantage over the opponent.   Ultimately, all athletes feel that they need to use performance-enhancing drugs to compete at the same level. Despite all of the warnings and information on performance-enhancing drugs, athletes continue to use them and overlook the potential health risks associated with steroids. With the concern of becoming bigger and stronger rising among athletes, the focusRead MoreThe Athletes And Professional Athletes1455 Words   |  6 Pagespotential. Sleep is usually overlooked, but most of the muscle building and repair takes place while humans are in their deepest stages of R.E.M. Although in today’s world of sports all these aspects are pushed to the side with the discovery of performance enhancing drugs or steroids. Steroids work by allowing the body to produce artificial proteins, which as long as athletes work out, leads to increased muscle size and strength. Basically, this means that athletes can do unlimited repetitions and benefitRead MoreShould Drugs Be Banned?1869 Words   |  8 Pagessports, many people have been caught taking these ‘performance-enhancing drugs’. Many believe that these drugs should be completely banned due to the danger they may cause the athlete but many believe that this has gone too far to turn back, and that the drugs should be controlled and made legal. What actually is a performance-enhancing drug? ‘A performance-enhancing drug is any substance taken by sportsman and woman to improve their sporting performance. This term typically refers to anabolic steroids